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Latin Reference
A plain-English reference for every Latin grammar term a classical homeschool parent encounters. No linguistics degree required — just clear definitions and real examples. Compatible with Classical Conversations, Memoria Press First Form, Henle Latin, Visual Latin, Latin for Children, and any other classical curriculum.
A word for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Latin nouns change their endings based on case, number, and gender. Unlike English, word order matters less because the ending tells you the noun's role in the sentence.
Example: puella (girl), Roma (Rome), amor (love).
An action, occurrence, or state of being.
Latin verbs change endings based on person (1st/2nd/3rd), number (singular/plural), tense, voice, and mood. One Latin verb form often encodes information that English needs multiple words for.
Example: amat (he/she loves), amabit (he/she will love), amatus est (he has been loved).
A word that describes a noun.
Latin adjectives agree with their noun in gender, number, and case. They can appear before OR after the noun they modify, unlike English.
Example: puella bona (good girl) — both words are feminine, singular, nominative.
A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Latin adverbs don't decline — their form stays fixed regardless of what they modify. They usually tell you how, when, or where something happens.
Example: bene (well), saepe (often), hic (here).
A word that shows the relationship of a noun to other parts of the sentence.
Latin prepositions govern either the accusative case or the ablative case. Students memorize which case each preposition takes — that's the core of CC Foundations English grammar memory work too.
Example: ad (to, toward — accusative), cum (with — ablative).
A word that joins two other words, phrases, or clauses.
Latin conjunctions can be coordinating (et, sed, aut) or subordinating (quod, ut, cum).
Example: et (and), sed (but), quod (because).
A word that stands in for a noun.
Latin has personal pronouns (ego, tu, nos, vos), demonstrative pronouns (hic, ille, iste), relative pronouns (qui, quae, quod), and more. Each declines for case, number, and gender.
Example: ego (I), tu (you), ille (that one).
A standalone exclamation word.
Latin interjections are short, usually emotive, and don't participate in the grammatical structure of the sentence.
Example: ecce (behold!), heu (alas!), euge (hurrah!).
A pattern of endings that a Latin noun (or adjective or pronoun) follows to show its case and number.
Latin has 5 declensions. Each declension has its own set of endings for the 6 cases × 2 numbers (singular and plural). Memorizing declension patterns is a large part of first-year Latin.
Example: First declension nouns (mostly feminine) end in -a in the nominative singular: puella, mensa, terra.
Mostly feminine nouns ending in -a (nominative singular).
Pattern endings: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -ae, -arum, -is, -as, -is. Classic examples: puella (girl), mensa (table), aqua (water), terra (earth).
Mostly masculine nouns ending in -us (or -er), and neuter nouns ending in -um.
Masculine pattern: -us, -i, -o, -um, -o, -i, -orum, -is, -os, -is. Examples: servus (slave), puer (boy), bellum (war), verbum (word).
The largest declension, with nouns of all three genders and varied nominative endings.
Third declension is harder because you can't predict the nominative from the stem — you have to memorize both forms together. Rex, regis. Civis, civis. Nomen, nominis. Henle Latin spends significant time here.
Mostly masculine nouns ending in -us, with genitive in -us (long u).
Smaller declension. Examples: manus (hand, feminine), domus (home, feminine), exercitus (army, masculine).
Mostly feminine nouns ending in -es.
Smallest declension. Key examples: res (thing, affair — the root of English 'real'), dies (day — one of the few masculine fifth-declension nouns).
The case of the subject of the sentence.
The nominative is the 'naming' case. The subject of the verb goes in the nominative. It's also the form you look up in a Latin dictionary.
Example: PUELLA cantat — THE GIRL is singing.
Shows possession or a noun acting on another noun.
The genitive is the 'of' case. It's how you say 'of the girl' or 'the girl's book'. In Latin dictionaries, nouns are listed with their nominative and genitive forms because the genitive tells you which declension the noun belongs to.
Example: liber PUELLAE — the girl'S book, or the book OF THE girl.
The case of the indirect object — the person or thing receiving the action.
The dative is the 'to/for' case. It's used for indirect objects and also with certain verbs that take a dative object (like to please someone, to help someone).
Example: librum PUELLAE do — I give the book TO THE GIRL.
The case of the direct object.
The accusative marks the direct object — the thing that receives the action of the verb. It's also used after many prepositions (ad, in, contra, per, trans).
Example: puella LIBRUM legit — the girl reads THE BOOK.
A 'by/with/from' case showing means, manner, separation, or place from which.
The ablative is Latin's catch-all adverbial case. It's used for means ('with a sword'), manner ('with joy'), agent after passive verbs ('by the enemy'), and many specific idioms. Memorizing ablative uses is a multi-year project.
Example: GLADIO pugnat — he fights WITH A SWORD.
The case of direct address.
The vocative is used when you're calling or addressing someone. For most declensions, the vocative looks identical to the nominative. The one major exception is second-declension masculine nouns in -us, which have a vocative in -e.
Example: 'Et tu, BRUTE?' — 'You too, BRUTUS?' (the famous vocative).
A pattern of endings that a Latin verb follows.
Latin has 4 conjugations based on the infinitive ending: 1st (-are), 2nd (-ere long e), 3rd (-ere short e), 4th (-ire). There's also a small group of 3rd-io verbs that behave like a hybrid of 3rd and 4th.
Example: amare (1st), monere (2nd), regere (3rd), audire (4th).
The four forms of a Latin verb that let you build every other form.
Every Latin verb has four principal parts: present active (amo), present infinitive (amare), perfect active (amavi), and perfect passive participle (amatum). Memorizing principal parts is one of the biggest time commitments in Latin — Henle Latin and Memoria Press First Form both organize vocabulary around them.
Example: amo, amare, amavi, amatum (to love).
Action happening now.
The Latin present can translate as simple present ('he loves'), present progressive ('he is loving'), or emphatic present ('he does love') — all depending on context.
Example: amat = loves, is loving, does love.
Continuous or repeated action in the past.
The imperfect describes something that 'was happening' or 'used to happen'. Formed by adding -ba- plus personal endings to the verb stem.
Example: amabat = was loving, used to love.
Action that will happen.
Future tense formation depends on the conjugation. 1st and 2nd use -bi-, 3rd and 4th use a distinctive -e- pattern.
Example: amabit (will love), reget (will rule).
Action completed in the past.
The perfect can translate as simple past ('he loved'), present perfect ('he has loved'), or emphatic past ('he did love'). Formed from the third principal part.
Example: amavit = loved, has loved, did love.
Action completed before another past action.
The pluperfect is the 'had' tense. It sets one past action as having happened BEFORE another.
Example: amaverat = he had loved.
Action that will have been completed before another future action.
The least-used tense in English and Latin. Used when you need to say 'by the time X happens, Y will have happened'.
Example: amaverit = he will have loved.
The subject does the action.
Most verbs you encounter will be active. Latin actively marks voice in the verb ending, so the same root can be active or passive without changing word order.
Example: puella librum AMAT — the girl LOVES the book.
The subject receives the action.
Passive voice is formed with different endings in the present system (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur) and with the perfect passive participle + forms of sum in the perfect system.
Example: liber AMATUR — the book IS LOVED.
Statement of fact.
Indicative is the default mood. It's what you use for regular statements and questions about reality.
Expresses wishes, possibilities, commands, and other non-factual statements.
The subjunctive is Latin's 'unreal' mood. It appears in many types of subordinate clauses and translates differently based on context. Henle Latin spends Book II covering subjunctive uses in detail.
Commands.
The imperative is the command form. Singular imperative is the present stem alone (ama! = love!), plural adds -te (amate! = love, you all!).
The 'to ___' form of a verb.
Infinitives don't conjugate for person. Latin has 6 infinitives (present, perfect, future — each active and passive) but you'll mostly see the present active infinitive in early Latin.
Example: amare (to love), monere (to warn).
Latin nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter.
Gender is grammatical, not biological — 'tree' (arbor) is feminine, 'war' (bellum) is neuter. Adjectives must agree with their noun in gender.
Singular or plural.
Unlike English, Latin adjectives and verbs change form based on whether the noun they refer to is singular or plural.
Who is speaking, being spoken to, or being spoken about.
1st person = I/we, 2nd person = you/you all, 3rd person = he/she/it/they. Latin verbs have distinct endings for all 6 person-number combinations.
A verb form acting as an adjective.
Latin has present active participles (loving), perfect passive participles (having been loved), and future active participles (about to love). They decline like adjectives.
A verbal noun — the '-ing' form acting as a noun.
Gerunds are neuter singular nouns made from verbs. They decline in only 4 cases (not nominative).
A detached phrase using a noun and participle in the ablative case.
One of Latin's signature constructions. It translates loosely as 'with [X] having been [done]' or 'when [X] was [done]'. Students meet it in Henle Latin Book II.
Example: urbe capta — the city having been captured.
When words match in gender, number, and case.
Adjectives must agree with their noun in gender, number, and case. Verbs must agree with their subject in person and number. This is the grammatical glue that holds Latin sentences together.
The part of a word to which endings are added.
For nouns, the stem is usually derived from the genitive form minus the genitive ending. For verbs, each tense has its own stem derived from one of the principal parts.
Via Latina has interactive practice for every Latin grammar concept on this page. Declension drills, conjugation charts, case usage quizzes, and spaced repetition vocabulary — all included with the free tier or Pro plan.