What bone protects the brain?
C1Skull (cranium)
It's the bone at the very top of your body
What is the common name for the clavicle?
C1Collarbone
It connects your shoulder to your sternum
What is the common name for the scapula?
C1Shoulder blade
It's a flat triangular bone on your back
What is the large bone of the upper arm?
C1Humerus
Sounds like 'humorous'
Which forearm bone is on the thumb side?
C1Radius
It 'radiates' out to your thumb
Which forearm bone is on the pinky side?
C1Ulna
It forms the point of your elbow
What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?
C1Femur (thighbone)
It's in your upper leg
What is the common name for the tibia?
C1Shinbone
You can feel it on the front of your lower leg
What is the thin bone on the outer side of the lower leg?
C1Fibula
It runs parallel to the shinbone
What is the common name for the patella?
C1Kneecap
It protects the front of your knee joint
What large bone supports the weight of the upper body?
C1Pelvis (hip bone)
It's shaped like a basin and connects your legs to your spine
What is the common name for the sternum?
C1Breastbone
It's in the center of your chest
How many pairs of ribs does a human have?
C112 pairs (24 ribs total)
Same number as months in a year
What are the individual bones of the spine called?
C1Vertebrae
The spine is also called the vertebral column
How many bones are in the adult human body?
C1206
A baby has about 270, but they fuse together
What is the smallest bone in the human body?
C1Stapes (stirrup bone in the ear)
It's inside your ear
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
C1Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
One is attached to bones, one is in the heart, one lines organs
Which type of muscle is voluntary and attached to bones?
C1Skeletal muscle
You control these muscles when you move
Which type of muscle is found only in the heart?
C1Cardiac muscle
Cardiac relates to the heart
Which type of muscle lines the walls of organs and blood vessels?
C1Smooth muscle
It's involuntary and looks smooth under a microscope
What muscle bends (flexes) your arm at the elbow?
C1Biceps
It's on the front of your upper arm
What muscle straightens (extends) your arm at the elbow?
C1Triceps
It's on the back of your upper arm; 'tri' means three
What muscle group on the front of the thigh straightens the knee?
C1Quadriceps
'Quad' means four — it's a group of four muscles
What muscle group on the back of the thigh bends the knee?
C1Hamstrings
They're behind your thigh, opposite the quads
List the main organs of the digestive system in order.
C1Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Food enters through your mouth and exits at the end of the large intestine
Where does digestion begin?
C1The mouth
Teeth and saliva start breaking down food
What tube carries food from the mouth to the stomach?
C1Esophagus
It uses muscle contractions called peristalsis
What organ uses acid to break down food into a soupy mixture?
C1Stomach
It contains hydrochloric acid
Where does most nutrient absorption take place?
C1Small intestine
It's about 20 feet long with tiny finger-like projections called villi
What organ absorbs water and forms solid waste?
C1Large intestine (colon)
It's wider but shorter than the small intestine
What organ produces bile to help digest fats?
C1Liver
It's the largest internal organ
What organ produces enzymes for digestion and insulin for blood sugar?
C1Pancreas
It has both digestive and hormonal functions
How many chambers does the human heart have?
C14 (two atria and two ventricles)
There are upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles)
What blood vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart?
C1Arteries
Arteries = Away
What blood vessels carry blood TOWARD the heart?
C1Veins
They have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward
What are the smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs?
C1Capillaries
Their walls are only one cell thick
What blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body?
C1Red blood cells
They contain hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color
What blood cells fight infection and disease?
C1White blood cells
They are part of your immune system
What blood cells help stop bleeding by forming clots?
C1Platelets
When you get a cut, these rush to the wound
List the main organs of the respiratory system in order.
C1Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm
Air enters through the nose and ends up in the lungs
What is the common name for the trachea?
C1Windpipe
It carries air from your throat to your lungs
What are the two tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs?
C1Bronchi
One goes to the left lung, one to the right
What dome-shaped muscle helps you breathe?
C1Diaphragm
It's located below the lungs and contracts when you inhale
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs?
C1Alveoli
They look like clusters of grapes
What gas do we breathe in that our cells need?
C1Oxygen
It makes up about 21% of the air
What gas do we breathe out as a waste product?
C1Carbon dioxide
Plants use this gas for photosynthesis
What is the largest part of the brain, responsible for thinking and memory?
C1Cerebrum
It has two hemispheres and a wrinkled surface
What part of the brain coordinates balance and movement?
C1Cerebellum
It's located at the back of the brain, below the cerebrum
What part of the brain controls involuntary actions like breathing and heartbeat?
C1Brain stem
It connects the brain to the spinal cord
What are the five senses?
C1Sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
Think of your eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin
What is a nerve cell called?
C1Neuron
It carries electrical signals throughout the body
List the four layers of the Earth from outside to inside.
C1Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
The outermost is thin like an eggshell, the innermost is a solid ball
What is the thin, outermost layer of the Earth?
C1Crust
We live on this layer; it includes continents and ocean floor
What is the thickest layer of the Earth made of hot, dense rock?
C1Mantle
It slowly flows and causes tectonic plate movement
What layer of the Earth is liquid iron and nickel?
C1Outer core
It creates Earth's magnetic field
What layer of the Earth is solid iron and nickel at extreme pressure?
C1Inner core
It's the hottest part of the Earth but pressure keeps it solid
What type of rock forms from cooled magma or lava?
C1Igneous
'Ignis' is Latin for fire
What type of rock forms from layers of sediment compressed over time?
C1Sedimentary
It often contains fossils and forms in layers
What type of rock forms when existing rock is changed by heat and pressure?
C1Metamorphic
'Meta' means change — this rock has been transformed
What are the main steps of the water cycle?
C1Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection
Water goes up as vapor, forms clouds, falls as rain, and gathers again
What process changes liquid water into water vapor?
C1Evaporation
The sun heats water and it rises as a gas
What process changes water vapor into liquid droplets, forming clouds?
C1Condensation
Think of water drops forming on a cold glass
What is the term for water falling from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail?
C1Precipitation
It includes all forms of water falling from the sky
What are the five kingdoms of living things?
C1Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, Monera (Bacteria)
Animals and plants are two; fungi includes mushrooms
Which kingdom includes multicellular organisms that eat other organisms?
C1Animal kingdom
Humans, dogs, fish, and insects all belong here
Which kingdom includes multicellular organisms that make their own food?
C1Plant kingdom
They use photosynthesis
Which kingdom includes mushrooms, molds, and yeasts?
C1Fungi kingdom
They absorb nutrients from dead or decaying matter
What are the main parts of a plant?
C1Roots, stem, leaves, flowers
They go from underground to the top
What is the function of a plant's roots?
C1Absorb water and nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant
They grow underground
What is the function of a plant's stem?
C1Transport water and nutrients between roots and leaves
It acts like a highway for the plant
What is the function of a plant's leaves?
C1Make food through photosynthesis
They capture sunlight
What is photosynthesis?
C1The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food (glucose) and oxygen
Photo = light, synthesis = putting together
What cell part is called the 'control center' and contains DNA?
C1Nucleus
It directs all cell activities
What rigid outer layer do plant cells have that animal cells do NOT?
C1Cell wall
It gives plant cells their boxy shape
What thin layer surrounds ALL cells and controls what enters and exits?
C1Cell membrane
Both plant and animal cells have this gatekeeper
What organelle is called the 'powerhouse of the cell'?
C1Mitochondria
It converts food into energy (ATP)
What organelle in plant cells captures sunlight for photosynthesis?
C1Chloroplast
It contains chlorophyll, which makes plants green
What large organelle in plant cells stores water, nutrients, and waste?
C1Vacuole
Plant cells have one large central one; animal cells have smaller ones
What is an animal with a backbone called?
C1Vertebrate
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all this
What is an animal without a backbone called?
C1Invertebrate
Insects, worms, jellyfish, and spiders are examples
What class of animals is warm-blooded, has hair/fur, and feeds milk to young?
C1Mammals
Humans, dogs, whales, and bats all belong to this class
What class of animals is cold-blooded, has scales, and lays eggs on land?
C1Reptiles
Snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are examples
What class of animals lives in water as young and on land as adults?
C1Amphibians
Frogs, toads, and salamanders are examples; 'amphi' means both
What biome is extremely cold with permafrost and almost no trees?
C2Tundra
Found near the Arctic; the ground stays frozen
What biome is the largest land biome, with coniferous (evergreen) forests?
C2Taiga (boreal forest)
It's south of the tundra; lots of pine and spruce trees
What biome has four seasons and trees that lose their leaves in fall?
C2Temperate deciduous forest
Deciduous means the trees shed their leaves
What biome is dominated by grasses with few trees?
C2Grassland
Prairies in North America and savannas in Africa are examples
What biome receives less than 10 inches of rain per year?
C2Desert
It can be hot or cold, but always very dry
What biome is warm year-round, gets heavy rainfall, and has the most biodiversity?
C2Tropical rainforest
Found near the equator; think Amazon
What are the levels of biological classification from broadest to most specific?
C2Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
What mnemonic helps remember the order of taxonomy?
C2King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
K-P-C-O-F-G-S
What shows the transfer of energy from one organism to another?
C2Food chain
Sun -> grass -> rabbit -> hawk is an example
What type of organism makes its own food from sunlight?
C2Producer (autotroph)
Plants and algae are examples
What type of organism eats other organisms for energy?
C2Consumer (heterotroph)
Animals that eat plants or other animals
What type of organism breaks down dead organisms and returns nutrients to the soil?
C2Decomposer
Bacteria, fungi, and worms are examples
What is an animal that eats only plants called?
C2Herbivore
Deer, rabbits, and cows are examples
What is an animal that eats only other animals called?
C2Carnivore
Lions, hawks, and sharks are examples
What is an animal that eats both plants and animals called?
C2Omnivore
Bears, pigs, and humans are examples
What is a community of living things interacting with their nonliving environment?
C2Ecosystem
A pond with its fish, plants, water, and sunlight is an example
What is a network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem?
C2Food web
It shows that most organisms eat more than one thing
What is the natural home or environment of an organism?
C2Habitat
A coral reef is one for clownfish
What is a close, long-term relationship between two different species?
C2Symbiosis
It includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
What type of symbiosis benefits BOTH organisms?
C2Mutualism
Bees pollinating flowers is an example — both benefit
What is a trait that helps an organism survive in its environment?
C2Adaptation
A polar bear's thick fur is an example
List the 8 planets in order from the Sun.
C2Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos
Which four planets are the rocky (terrestrial) planets?
C2Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
The four closest to the Sun are small and rocky
Which four planets are the gas/ice giants?
C2Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
The four farthest from the Sun are large and made mostly of gas
What is the largest planet in our solar system?
C2Jupiter
It has a famous Great Red Spot
What is the smallest planet in our solar system?
C2Mercury
It's also the closest to the Sun
Which planet is famous for its visible ring system?
C2Saturn
Its rings are made mostly of ice and rock
What type of star is our Sun?
C2Yellow dwarf (G-type main sequence)
It's a medium-sized, medium-temperature star
What is the name of our galaxy?
C2The Milky Way
It's a spiral galaxy
What moon phase occurs when the Moon is between the Earth and Sun (not visible)?
C2New moon
The moon's illuminated side faces away from Earth
What moon phase occurs when the entire face of the Moon is lit?
C2Full moon
Earth is between the Sun and Moon
List the 8 moon phases in order starting from new moon.
C2New, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent
Waxing = growing, waning = shrinking
What does 'waxing' mean in moon phases?
C2The illuminated portion is growing (getting larger)
Waxing = increasing
What does 'waning' mean in moon phases?
C2The illuminated portion is shrinking (getting smaller)
Waning = decreasing
How long does it take Earth to rotate once on its axis?
C224 hours (1 day)
This rotation causes day and night
How long does it take Earth to orbit (revolve around) the Sun?
C2365.25 days (1 year)
This is why we have a leap year every 4 years
Which planet is known as the 'Red Planet'?
C2Mars
Its red color comes from iron oxide (rust) on its surface
Which planet is the hottest in our solar system?
C2Venus
Its thick atmosphere traps heat — even though Mercury is closer to the Sun
Where is the asteroid belt located in our solar system?
C2Between Mars and Jupiter
It separates the rocky planets from the gas giants
What is the distance light travels in one year called?
C2Light-year
It's a unit of distance, not time
What is a pattern of stars as seen from Earth called?
C2Constellation
Orion and the Big Dipper are examples
What is Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)?
C2An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted on by an unbalanced force
Things keep doing what they're doing unless something changes them
What is Newton's Second Law of Motion?
C2Force = mass x acceleration (F = ma)
It relates force, mass, and acceleration
What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?
C2For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Push a wall and the wall pushes back
What are the six simple machines?
C2Lever, wheel & axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw
They make work easier by changing the direction or amount of force
What simple machine is a bar that pivots on a fulcrum?
C2Lever
A seesaw is an example
What simple machine has a wheel attached to a rod?
C2Wheel and axle
A doorknob and a bicycle wheel are examples
What simple machine uses a wheel with a rope or chain to lift loads?
C2Pulley
A flagpole uses one to raise and lower the flag
What simple machine is a flat surface set at an angle (a ramp)?
C2Inclined plane
A ramp and a hill are examples
What simple machine is like two inclined planes back to back, used to split things?
C2Wedge
An axe and a knife blade are examples
What simple machine is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder?
C2Screw
A jar lid and a drill bit are examples
Name the main types of energy.
C2Kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, nuclear, light, sound
Energy comes in many forms but is always conserved
What type of energy does a moving object have?
C2Kinetic energy
A rolling ball has this type of energy
What type of energy is stored due to an object's position or condition?
C2Potential energy
A ball held high has gravitational potential energy
What type of energy is related to the temperature of an object?
C2Thermal (heat) energy
The faster particles move, the more of this energy they have
What type of energy is stored in the bonds between atoms?
C2Chemical energy
Food and batteries store this type of energy
What are the four states of matter?
C2Solid, liquid, gas, plasma
The first three are most common on Earth; the fourth is found in stars
In which state of matter are particles packed tightly and vibrate in place?
C2Solid
It has a definite shape and volume
In which state of matter do particles slide past each other?
C2Liquid
It has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
In which state of matter do particles move freely and fill their container?
C2Gas
It has no definite shape or volume
What is the fourth state of matter found in stars and lightning?
C2Plasma
It's a superheated gas where electrons separate from atoms
What is the phase change from solid to liquid called?
C2Melting
Ice turning to water
What is the phase change from liquid to solid called?
C2Freezing
Water turning to ice
What is the phase change from liquid to gas called?
C2Evaporation (or vaporization)
Water turning to steam
What is the phase change from gas to liquid called?
C2Condensation
Water droplets forming on a cold glass
What is the phase change from solid directly to gas called?
C2Sublimation
Dry ice does this — it skips the liquid phase
What force pulls objects toward each other and keeps us on Earth?
C2Gravity
Newton discovered it when an apple fell on his head (legend says)
What force opposes motion between two surfaces in contact?
C2Friction
Rubbing your hands together produces heat because of this force
What is the formula for speed?
C2Speed = distance / time
If you travel 60 miles in 1 hour, your speed is 60 mph
What type of energy flows through wires and powers devices?
C2Electrical energy
It results from the movement of electrons
What type of energy is produced by vibrations traveling through matter?
C2Sound energy
It cannot travel through a vacuum (empty space)
What type of energy travels in waves and can move through empty space?
C2Light (radiant) energy
It comes from the Sun and from lightbulbs
What law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed?
C2Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy changes form but the total amount stays the same
What group of highly reactive metals is in column 1 of the periodic table?
C3Alkali metals
Lithium, sodium, and potassium are examples; they react violently with water
What group of reactive metals is in column 2 of the periodic table?
C3Alkaline earth metals
Beryllium, magnesium, and calcium are examples
What group of highly reactive nonmetals is in column 17?
C3Halogens
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are examples
What group of unreactive gases is in column 18 (the last column)?
C3Noble gases
Helium, neon, and argon are examples; they rarely form compounds
What large group of metals fills the middle of the periodic table (columns 3-12)?
C3Transition metals
Iron, copper, gold, and silver are examples
What positively charged subatomic particle is found in the nucleus?
C3Proton
Its number determines what element an atom is
What subatomic particle has no charge and is found in the nucleus?
C3Neutron
Neutral = no charge
What negatively charged subatomic particle orbits the nucleus?
C3Electron
It's extremely small and moves in 'clouds' around the nucleus
What is the dense center of an atom called?
C3Nucleus
It contains protons and neutrons
What does the atomic number of an element tell you?
C3The number of protons in the nucleus
Each element has a unique number of these
What type of chemical bond forms when one atom gives electrons to another?
C3Ionic bond
It forms between a metal and a nonmetal; table salt (NaCl) is an example
What type of chemical bond forms when atoms share electrons?
C3Covalent bond
It forms between nonmetals; water (H2O) is an example
What type of bond involves a 'sea of electrons' shared among many metal atoms?
C3Metallic bond
This is why metals conduct electricity and are malleable
What type of substance has a pH below 7, tastes sour, and donates hydrogen ions?
C3Acid
Lemon juice and vinegar are examples
What type of substance has a pH above 7, feels slippery, and accepts hydrogen ions?
C3Base (alkali)
Soap and baking soda are examples
What pH value is considered neutral (neither acid nor base)?
C37
Pure water has this pH
What is the range of the pH scale?
C30 to 14
0 is most acidic, 14 is most basic
What is a substance made of only one type of atom?
C3Element
Gold, oxygen, and carbon are examples
What is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined?
C3Compound
Water (H2O) and salt (NaCl) are examples
What is a combination of substances that are NOT chemically combined?
C3Mixture
Trail mix and salad are examples; components can be separated physically
What is two or more atoms bonded together called?
C3Molecule
H2O (water) is a molecule made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
What is an atom that has gained or lost electrons (has a charge)?
C3Ion
Positive ions lost electrons; negative ions gained electrons
What is the organized chart of all known elements?
C3Periodic table
Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number
What is a process that changes one set of substances into another?
C3Chemical reaction
Burning wood and rusting iron are examples
What are the starting substances in a chemical reaction called?
C3Reactants
They go on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation
What are the new substances formed in a chemical reaction called?
C3Products
They go on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation
What law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction?
C3Law of Conservation of Mass
The mass of reactants always equals the mass of products
What type of change alters the form of a substance but NOT its chemical identity?
C3Physical change
Cutting paper, melting ice, and dissolving sugar are examples
What type of change produces a new substance with different properties?
C3Chemical change
Burning, rusting, and cooking are examples
What are the horizontal rows of the periodic table called?
C3Periods
There are 7 of them; elements in each row have the same number of electron shells
What are the vertical columns of the periodic table called?
C3Groups (families)
Elements in the same column share similar chemical properties
Who is considered the father of the periodic table?
C3Dmitri Mendeleev
Russian chemist who arranged elements by atomic mass in 1869
What are elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals called?
C3Metalloids (semimetals)
Silicon and boron are examples; they form a staircase on the periodic table
What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?
C3O
It has atomic number 8
What is the lightest element on the periodic table?
C3Hydrogen (H)
Atomic number 1; makes up most of the universe
What is the chemical symbol for gold?
C3Au
From the Latin word 'aurum'
What is the chemical symbol for iron?
C3Fe
From the Latin word 'ferrum'
What element is the basis of all organic (living) chemistry?
C3Carbon (C)
Diamond and graphite are both pure forms of this element
What is the chemical symbol for sodium?
C3Na
From the Latin word 'natrium'; it's in table salt (NaCl)
What is the chemical formula for water?
C3H₂O
2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom
What is the chemical formula for table salt?
C3NaCl
Sodium + chlorine
What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?
C3CO₂
One carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms; you exhale it
What gas do we breathe in that is essential for cellular respiration?
C3Oxygen (O₂)
Makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere
What type of reaction releases heat energy?
C3Exothermic
Combustion (burning) is a common example; 'exo' means out
What type of reaction absorbs heat energy?
C3Endothermic
Photosynthesis and melting ice are examples; 'endo' means in
What substance speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed?
C3Catalyst
Enzymes are biological catalysts in your body
What are the three common states of matter?
C3Solid, liquid, gas
Water can exist in all three: ice, water, steam
What is the fourth state of matter, found in stars and lightning?
C3Plasma
It's superheated gas with charged particles; the most common state in the universe
In a solution, what is the substance that gets dissolved called?
C3Solute
Sugar is the solute when you dissolve it in water
What substance is known as the 'universal solvent'?
C3Water
It dissolves more substances than any other liquid
What is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom called?
C3Atomic mass (mass number)
Protons + neutrons; electrons are too light to count
What are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons called?
C3Isotopes
Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are examples
What are the energy levels where electrons orbit the nucleus called?
C3Electron shells (energy levels)
The first shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second up to 8
What are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom called?
C3Valence electrons
They determine how an atom bonds with other atoms
How many major organ systems are in the human body?
C311
From skin to muscles to the brain, they all work together
What organ system includes the skin, hair, and nails?
C3Integumentary system
It's the body's outer covering and largest organ
What organ system provides structure, protection, and produces blood cells?
C3Skeletal system
It includes bones, cartilage, and joints
What organ system allows movement and maintains posture?
C3Muscular system
It includes over 600 muscles in the body
What organ system controls and coordinates body functions using electrical signals?
C3Nervous system
It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
What organ system uses hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and mood?
C3Endocrine system
Glands like the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal are part of this system
What organ system pumps blood throughout the body?
C3Cardiovascular (circulatory) system
Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
What organ system helps fight disease and drains excess fluid from tissues?
C3Lymphatic system
It includes lymph nodes, the spleen, and the thymus
What organ system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide?
C3Respiratory system
Lungs, trachea, and diaphragm are key organs
What organ system breaks down food into nutrients the body can absorb?
C3Digestive system
It includes the mouth, stomach, and intestines
What organ system filters blood and removes liquid waste (urine)?
C3Urinary (excretory) system
The kidneys are the main organs
What organ system is responsible for producing offspring?
C3Reproductive system
It differs between males and females
What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
C3Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion
It starts with observing something and ends with drawing a conclusion
What is a testable prediction or educated guess called?
C3Hypothesis
It's often written as an 'if...then...' statement
In an experiment, what is the variable that the scientist changes on purpose?
C3Independent variable
It's the 'cause' in a cause-and-effect relationship
In an experiment, what is the variable that is measured or observed?
C3Dependent variable
It's the 'effect' — it depends on what you changed
What group in an experiment does NOT receive the experimental treatment?
C3Control group
It provides a baseline for comparison
What is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations?
C3Scientific theory
The theory of gravity and cell theory are examples
What is a statement that describes a consistent pattern in nature?
C3Scientific law
It describes WHAT happens, not WHY — like the law of gravity
What is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment?
C3Homeostasis
Keeping body temperature at 98.6 degrees F is an example
What is the largest organ of the human body?
C3Skin
It covers your entire body and is part of the integumentary system
What molecule carries the genetic instructions for all living things?
C3DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
It's shaped like a double helix
What is the basic unit of life?
C3Cell
All living things are made of one or more of these