| Case | Use | Pronouns |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Used as the subject of a sentence | I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, whoever |
| Objective | Used as the object of a verb or preposition | me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom, whomever |
| Possessive | Shows ownership or possession | my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, whose |
The simplest sentence pattern. The subject performs an action (intransitive verb).
Example: "Birds fly."
Birds | fly
The subject performs an action on something (transitive verb with direct object).
Example: "The dog chased the cat."
dog | chased | cat
A linking verb connects the subject to a noun that renames it.
Example: "She is a teacher."
She | is \ teacher
A linking verb connects the subject to an adjective that describes it.
Example: "The sky is blue."
sky | is \ blue
The subject gives/shows/tells something to someone.
Example: "Mom gave me a cookie."
Mom | gave | cookie (me = indirect object)
| Tense | Formation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | base form (add -s for 3rd person singular) | I walk |
| Simple Past | add -ed (or irregular form) | I walked |
| Simple Future | will + base form | I will walk |
| Present Progressive | am/is/are + -ing | I am walking |
| Past Progressive | was/were + -ing | I was walking |
| Future Progressive | will be + -ing | I will be walking |
| Present Perfect | has/have + past participle | I have walked |
| Past Perfect | had + past participle | I had walked |
| Future Perfect | will have + past participle | I will have walked |
| Present Perfect Progressive | has/have been + -ing | I have been walking |
| Past Perfect Progressive | had been + -ing | I had been walking |
| Future Perfect Progressive | will have been + -ing | I will have been walking |
| Present | Simple Past | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| be | was/were | been |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| come | came | come |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| have | had | had |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lie | lay | lain |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| see | saw | seen |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| wear | wore | worn |
| write | wrote | written |
How?
She sang beautifully.
When?
He arrived yesterday.
Where?
They played outside.
To what extent?
She is very tall.
Simple
One independent clause
"The dog barked."
Compound
Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
"The dog barked, and the cat hid."
Complex
One independent clause + at least one dependent clause
"When the bell rang, the students left."
Compound-Complex
Two or more independent clauses + at least one dependent clause
"When the bell rang, the students left, and the teacher cleaned up."